Central America
Trial begins against 10 accused of helping Funes to appropriate more than $351 million
August 15|
In the case known as “Public Pillage” the First Sentencing Court of San Salvador, has begun this Tuesday the public hearing against 10 defendants linked to the corruption network that created the former president of the Republic, Mauricio Funes.
The Public Prosecutor’s Office of the Republic accuses for the crimes of money laundering, embezzlement (appropriation of state property) and special cases of money laundering.
The Public Prosecutor’s Office has more than 2,500 documents, 114 witnesses, financial and tax accounting experts and 21 international assistances, which were admitted in the preliminary hearing and which will begin to be evaluated by the court in the trial scheduled for one month.
The prosecutors intend to prove with financial, accounting and tax expertise that the defendants allegedly appropriated public funds that the Ministry of Finance allocated to the Presidency of the Republic for the reserved expenses between 2009 and 2014.
One of the key expertise is the accounting analysis made by an expert where he confirms that Funes in his presidential term used the mechanism of budgetary reinforcements to appropriate $351,035,400.
This expertise called “Forensic Financial Accounting Audit of Administrative and Functional Management” shows that in the records of the Ministry of Finance, between June 1, 2009 and June 1, 2014, it appears that the budget for the Reserved Expenses item that the Legislative Assembly approved for the Presidency of the Republic was $80,818,285.
But Funes, not satisfied with these funds, devised a criminal plan to increase the secret item known as “Item 54315 Reserved Expenses” through budgetary reinforcements.
The increase was 300% equivalent to $270,217,115.49, leading him to appropriate $351,035,400.49, in his entire administration and the people who today begin to be prosecuted were part of that criminal structure, according to the accusation of the Prosecutor’s Office. Funes fled justice in 2016 to Nicaragua.
As the plan was to lose track of those funds delivered as reserved expenses to the Presidency of the Republic, from the subsidiary account of the public treasury the money began to be transferred to accounts that were in the name of private individuals in the Banco Hipotecario.
The holders of these private accounts were Francisco Rodríguez Arteaga and Pablo Gómez, who were in charge of depositing the money through checks. These two people were also part of the network used by former President Antonio Saca.
According to the Public Prosecutor’s Office, these actions are serious because the accused violated the administrative regulations that already determine the mechanisms to be followed in the management of public funds.
The private attorneys at the time of initiating the trial have presented several petitions. One of them is a peremptory exception of res judicata in the case of Vanda Pignato.
The defense says that she was already judged in a civil trial for illicit enrichment of $135,536.15, funds with which she paid credit cards and other financial products, in that lawsuit she was absolved of responsibility and in this process of Public Plunder are the same facts accused which becomes a double judgment and that she be exonerated for the crime of money laundering.
The defense has also requested the exclusion of José Francisco Cáceres Saldaña, former private secretary of Mauricio Funes, as he was not duly granted the status of criterion witness.
They have also requested that some documents handed over by Cáceres Saldaña not be evaluated since the proper chain of custody was not followed.
They are also requesting not to take into account a point of expertise of a financial accounting analysis made on the reserved expenses and which affects David Rivas, former Secretary of Communications of the Presidency.
THE PENDANTS
1 Vanda Pignato, former First Lady, accused by the Prosecutor’s Office of money laundering and simulation of crimes.
2 José Miguel Antonio Menéndez Avelar, owner of COSASE, accused of money laundering, asset laundering and tax fraud.
3 Juan Carlos Guzmán Berdugo, former father-in-law of Mauricio Funes, indicted for money laundering and asset laundering.
4 Manuel Rivera Castro, former president of Banco Hipotecario, indicted for embezzlement, money laundering and asset laundering.
5 Rigoberto Palacios Panameño, former chief accountant, faces trial for embezzlement.
6 Luis Miguel Ángel García, accused of money laundering and asset laundering.
7 Francisco Rodríguez Arteaga, former financial manager of Casa Presidencial, indicted for embezzlement, money laundering and assets laundering.
8 Pablo Gómez, former technical assistant of the Presidency, accused of embezzlement, money laundering and assets laundering.
9 Jorge Alberto Hernández Castellano, former Treasury chief of Casa Presidencial, indicted for embezzlement.
10 David Rivas, ex-secretary of Communications of the Presidency, accused of money laundering.
Central America
Costa Rica faces historic vote on lifting presidential immunity for Rodrigo Chaves
Costa Rica, a country internationally recognized for its democratic and political stability, is heading toward an unprecedented decision: whether to lift President Rodrigo Chaves’s immunity so he can face a criminal trial over alleged irregular management of funds from the Central American Bank for Economic Integration (CABEI).
On Wednesday, the Legislative Assembly formed a commission of three lawmakers to analyze the accusation against the president, which was forwarded earlier this month by the Supreme Court of Justice. The commission has 20 days, extendable for another 20, to issue a report so that the full Assembly can vote on whether to lift the president’s immunity.
Lifting the immunity would require 38 votes — two-thirds of the legislature — which is largely composed of opposition parties.
If immunity is removed, prosecutors would be able to continue their investigation and potentially question the president. If the motion fails, the case would return to the judiciary and remain pending until Chaves’s term ends in May 2026.
Since the country’s last civil war in 1948 and the abolition of the army later that year, Costa Rica has held uninterrupted elections, every president has completed their term without major issues, and none has ever had their immunity lifted — although several have faced judicial proceedings.
Central America
Honduras sees ongoing killings of land defenders and attacks on press, warns NGO
The Association for Participatory Citizenship (ACI PARTICIPA) denounced on Thursday that killings of land defenders and attacks aimed at silencing the press continue in Honduras.
“We continue to see murders of defenders of land and territory, as well as aggressions to silence the press. In 2024, there were 490 attacks and aggressions that constitute human rights violations,” said ACI PARTICIPA’s executive director, Hedme Castro, during the presentation of the 2024 Report on the Situation of Human Rights Defenders in Honduras.
Castro noted that the aggressions range “from attempts on lives, threats, harassment, intimidation, and smear campaigns, which have become very frequent, to obstruction of work, surveillance, and criminalization.”
She highlighted that, although only seven defenders were killed in 2024 compared to 24 in 2023, “last year we saw a significantly high number of women murdered, and cases of missing children.”
Moreover, Castro criticized the authorities for failing to address the violence. “There is no response from the authorities to reduce the violence in the country; in fact, I believe that the ‘fathers of the nation’ (members of Parliament) are not setting the right example, and the situation in the Legislative branch is actually fueling violence,” she added, referring to frequent violent incidents in Congress.
The ACI PARTICIPA report also notes that the government led by President Xiomara Castro has made “an important effort over the past two years to improve citizens’ access to basic rights, helping to cushion the effects of economic deterioration, although a decent standard of living has yet to be achieved for the majority of Hondurans.”
Central America
Daniel Ortega’s last historic sandinista ally detained in Managua
Former Sandinista revolutionary commander and presidential economic adviser Bayardo Arce Castaño was arrested on Thursday in Managua for alleged irregular transactions involving state-owned assets, according to local media reports.
The arrest was carried out by agents from the Special Operations Directorate of the Police, who raided his residence in the southern part of the Nicaraguan capital. The Attorney General’s Office (PGR) is investigating Arce for “transactions and/or negotiations” that, according to authorities, do not comply with current legal standards.
Arce, 76, was one of the nine historic commanders of the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) who led the overthrow of dictator Anastasio Somoza in 1979. Since 2007, he had served as the economic adviser to dictator Daniel Ortega, and was the last of the historic commanders still aligned with the regime.
The Attorney General’s Office accused Arce of contempt after he refused to appear for questioning about properties registered in his name. Authorities allege that Ricardo Bonilla, Arce’s assistant, was also involved in questionable financial dealings and was jailed after failing to comply with a summons.
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