The use of forced labor in North Korea, of which they are victims from prisoners to soldiers or citizens abroad, is “deeply institutionalized” in the country and in some cases borders on slavery, a crime against humanity, a United Nations report reveals on Tuesday.

The 84-page document of the UN Office for Human Rights, prepared through interviews conducted in the last decade with 183 North Koreans fleeing the country and now residing in South Korea, offers details about this exploitation in the isolated Kim regime.

“They were forced to work in intolerable conditions, often in dangerous sectors, without salary, free choice, possibility of resignation, protection, medical care, break time, food and accommodation,” summarized the head of human rights of the United Nations, Volker Türk, when presenting the report.

Workers were also subjected to constant surveillance, were beaten frequently, and in the case of women (main testimonies of forced labor in detention centers) they were often victims of sexual violence, the Austrian High Commissioner stressed.

The report identifies different types of forced labor in North Korea, such as taxes in prisons and other detention centers, those who suffer employees whose jobs have been assigned by the State (something very common in the communist regime), or those observed in army soldiers.

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There is also this type of exploitation that violates human rights in citizens sent abroad to send foreign currency to the regime, those summoned to special mobilizations or members of the so-called “shock brigades”, usually in the agriculture and construction sectors.

Some of the crudest testimonies of the report are those offered by more than a hundred women sentenced to forced labor after being forcibly repatriated after crossing the border illegally (usually it is usually the one that separates China and North Korea, although the report does not specify it).

After having fallen into networks of trafficking people that sometimes force them to prostitute themselves or contract forced marriages, they are repatriated and in detention they often suffer sexual and physical violence, sometimes forced abortions and denial of medical and hygienic services.

Detained in prisons, re-education camps and other detention centers, the victims relate the harshness of living and working conditions in agricultural, industrial and other tasks in which they often had to meet daily production quotas and received beatings or were deprived of food if they did not comply with them.

“They sent me to grow corn, cabbage, radishes… there was no machinery, so seven or eight of us pulled a cart that would normally be used with oxen,” says one of these women.

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Another detainee, destined for construction work, said in the report that he was so hungry that he ate weeds and grass, which made him sick, while another, assigned to a group that carried bags of cement, said that they did not have masks, they constantly breathed the dust of the cement and “could barely breathe.”

In the North Korean army, the report adds, soldiers, who in many cases have to perform a military service of ten years or more, are often forced to also work in agriculture or construction, in dangerous conditions and without adequate health and safety measures.

A former nurse interviewed for the report reported that many of the soldiers she treated had symptoms of malnutrition, which in the worst cases degenerated into tuberculosis.

Abroad, North Korean citizens – often with certain social privileges – are forced to donate 90% of their profits to the State, in sectors such as those already mentioned (agriculture, construction) although there are also in the medical profession or in the hospitality industry.

In order to maintain control over these citizens abroad, their passports are confiscated, they are constantly monitored and they usually live in very bad conditions, with hardly any free time or contact with their families in North Korea, the report says.

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In general, the regime controlled by Kim Jong-un, inherited from his father and grandfather, controls and exploits its citizens “through an extensive system of forced labor at various levels” intended for the interests of the State rather than the citizenry, concludes the United Nations study.

A system in which every North Korean, after completing his studies or military service, is assigned to a workplace without choice, or the possibility of forming unions, and where he lives under the threat of being arrested if he does not come to work, although sometimes he does not receive a salary for it.

In view of the conclusions of the report, the United Nations Office for Human Rights calls on North Korea to abolish this forced labor “and put an end to all its forms of slavery.”

He also requests the UN Security Council to direct the case to the International Criminal Court.

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